What triggers involuntary firearms discharges? – A scoping review

Involuntary firearms discharges (IFDs) are instances in which law enforcement officers unintentionally discharge their firearms, potentially resulting in injuries, fatalities, legal consequences, and community mistrust. This scoping review explores the factors and mechanisms contributing to the occurrence of IFDs and identifies training intervention and policy recommendations to prevent IFDs. A literature search was performed in collaboration with an information specialist. A qualitative content analysis of 11 studies resulted in the establishment of the Gradient Framework for IFD Risk. The framework provides valuable insight into the build-up of risk that can potentially lead to an IFD. The framework's temporal aspect highlights risks across different phases, while its specificity aspect distinguishes between broad risks factors from those directly linked to IFDs. By identifying prevalent factors, mechanisms and prevention strategies, this review aimed to contribute to informed decision-making in law enforcement policies and practices, ultimately enhancing officer safety and community trust.